RED RUTILE Specimen Crystal Cluster Mineral DIAMANTINA BRAZIL w/ ID card

Description: Click HERE to see hundreds of other amazing items for sale in my store! This listing is for a really fascinating rutile specimen in a display jar, including an info card about this mineral and the location this specimen came from. This kit is great for avid mineral specimen collectors or beginners. It would be a perfect gift set for getting someone interested in mineral collecting and science. The 1 centimeter scale cube is for size comparison only. It is not included in the sale.The photos are of several different specimens, but this listings is for one specimen with an info card. The photos show multiple specimens to give a representation of the variety of shapes and colors in these specimens. I offer a shipping discount for customers who combine their payments for multiple purchases into one payment! The discount is regular shipping price for the first item and just 50 cents for each additional item! To be sure you get your shipping discount just make sure all the items you want to purchase are in your cart. Auctions you win are added to your cart automatically. For any "buy it now" items or second chance offers, be sure to click the "add to cart" button, NOT the "buy it now" button. Once all of your items are in your cart just pay for them from your cart and the combined shipping discount should be applied automatically. I offer a money back guarantee on every item I sell. If you are not 100% happy with your purchase just send me a message to let me know and I will buy back the item for your full purchase price. Hi there, I am selling this amazing red rutile crystal mineral specimen. It is really beautiful. I hope it finds a good home out there, and I am sure it will. This specimen was collected from Diamantina, Mina Gerais, Brazil. It is so sparkly, it's just absolutely beautiful to look at! If you have any questions, do not hesitate to ask me. Have fun bidding, thanks so much for visiting my auction and have a great day! The following is information about this from wikipedia: RutileFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchRutileHematite-Rutile-57088.jpgGeneralCategoryOxide mineralsFormula(repeating unit)TiO2Strunz classification4.DB.05Crystal systemTetragonalCrystal classDitetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm)H-M symbol: (4/m 2/m 2/m)Space groupP42/mnmUnit cella = 4.5937 Å, c = 2.9587 Å; Z = 2IdentificationColorReddish brown, red, pale yellow, pale blue, violet, rarely grass-green; black if high in Nb–TaCrystal habitAcicular to Prismatic crystals, elongated and striated parallel to [001]TwinningCommon on {011}, or {031}; as contact twins with two, six, or eight individuals, cyclic, polysyntheticCleavage{110} good, {100} moderate, parting on {092} and {011}FractureUneven to sub-conchoidalMohs scale hardness6.0–6.5LusterAdamantine to submetallicStreakBright red to dark redDiaphaneityOpaque, transparent in thin fragmentsSpecific gravity4.23 increasing with Nb–Ta contentOptical propertiesUniaxial (+)Refractive indexnω = 2.613, nε = 2.909 (589 nm)Birefringence0.296 (589 nm)PleochroismWeak to distinct brownish red-green-yellowDispersionStrongFusibilityFusible in alkali carbonatesSolubilityInsoluble in acidsCommon impuritiesFe, Nb, TaOther characteristicsStrongly anisotropicReferences[1][2][3][4]Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide (TiO2), and is the most common natural form of TiO2. Other rarer polymorphs of TiO2 are known including anatase, akaogiite, and brookite. Rutile has one of the highest refractive indices at visible wavelengths of any known crystal and also exhibits a particularly large birefringence and high dispersion. Owing to these properties, it is useful for the manufacture of certain optical elements, especially polarization optics, for longer visible and infrared wavelengths up to about 4.5 μm. Natural rutile may contain up to 10% iron and significant amounts of niobium and tantalum. Rutile derives its name from the Latin rutilus, red, in reference to the deep red color observed in some specimens when viewed by transmitted light. Rutile was first described in 1803 by Abraham Gottlob Werner. Contents1Occurrence2Crystal structure3Uses and economic importance4Synthetic rutile5See also6References7External linksOccurrence Rutile output in 2005Rutile is a common accessory mineral in high-temperature and high-pressure metamorphic rocks and in igneous rocks. Thermodynamically, rutile is the most stable polymorph of TiO2 at all temperatures, exhibiting lower total free energy than metastable phases of anatase or brookite.[5] Consequently, the transformation of the metastable TiO2 polymorphs to rutile is irreversible. As it has the lowest molecular volume of the three main polymorphs, it is generally the primary titanium bearing phase in most high-pressure metamorphic rocks, chiefly eclogites. Rutile in quartzWithin the igneous environment, rutile is a common accessory mineral in plutonic igneous rocks, though it is also found occasionally in extrusive igneous rocks, particularly those such as kimberlites and lamproites that have deep mantle sources. Anatase and brookite are found in the igneous environment particularly as products of autogenic alteration during the cooling of plutonic rocks; anatase is also found in placer deposits sourced from primary rutile. The occurrence of large specimen crystals is most common in pegmatites, skarns, and granite greisens. Rutile is found as an accessory mineral in some altered igneous rocks, and in certain gneisses and schists. In groups of acicular crystals it is frequently seen penetrating quartz as in the fléches d'amour from Graubünden, Switzerland. In 2005 the Republic of Sierra Leone in West Africa had a production capacity of 23% of the world's annual rutile supply, which rose to approximately 30% in 2008. Crystal structure The unit cell of rutile. Ti atoms are gray; O atoms are red.A ball-and-stick chemical model of a rutile crystalExtended crystal structure of rutileRutile has a tetragonal unit cell, with unit cell parameters a = b = 4.584 Å, and c = 2.953 Å.[6] The titanium cations have a coordination number of 6, meaning they are surrounded by an octahedron of 6 oxygen atoms. The oxygen anions have a coordination number of 3, resulting in a trigonal planar coordination. Rutile also shows a screw axis when its octahedra are viewed sequentially.[7] Rutile crystals are most commonly observed to exhibit a prismatic or acicular growth habit with preferential orientation along their c axis, the [001] direction. This growth habit is favored as the {110} facets of rutile exhibit the lowest surface free energy and are therefore thermodynamically most stable.[8] The c-axis oriented growth of rutile appears clearly in nanorods, nanowires and abnormal grain growth phenomena of this phase. Uses and economic importance Acicular crystals of rutile protruding from a quartz crystalIn large enough quantities in beach sands, rutile forms an important constituent of heavy minerals and ore deposits. Miners extract and separate the valuable minerals – e.g., rutile, zircon, and ilmenite. The main uses for rutile are the manufacture of refractory ceramic, as a pigment, and for the production of titanium metal. Finely powdered rutile is a brilliant white pigment and is used in paints, plastics, paper, foods, and other applications that call for a bright white color. Titanium dioxide pigment is the single greatest use of titanium worldwide. Nanoscale particles of rutile are transparent to visible light but are highly effective in the absorption of ultraviolet radiation. The UV absorption of nano-sized rutile particles is blue-shifted compared to bulk rutile, so that higher-energy UV light is absorbed by the nanoparticles. Hence, they are used in sunscreens to protect against UV-induced skin damage. Small rutile needles present in gems are responsible for an optical phenomenon known as asterism. Asteriated gems are known as "star" gems. Star sapphires, star rubies, and other "star" gems are highly sought after and are generally more valuable than their normal counterparts. Rutile is widely used as a welding electrode covering. It is also used as a part of the ZTR index, which classifies highly weathered sediments. Rutile, as a large band-gap semiconductor, has in recent decades been the subject of significant research towards applications as a functional oxide for applications in photocatalysis and dilute magnetism [9]. Research efforts typically utilize small quantities of synthetic rutile rather than mineral-deposit derived materials. Synthetic rutileSynthetic rutile was first produced in 1948 and is sold under a variety of names. It can be produced from the titanium ore ilmenite through the Becher process. Very pure synthetic rutile is transparent and almost colorless, being slightly yellow, in large pieces. Synthetic rutile can be made in a variety of colors by doping. The high refractive index gives an adamantine luster and strong refraction that leads to a diamond-like appearance. The near-colorless diamond substitute is sold as "Titania", which is the old-fashioned chemical name for this oxide. However, rutile is seldom used in jewellery because it is not very hard (scratch-resistant), measuring only about 6 on the Mohs hardness scale. As the result of growing research interest in the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide, in both anatase and rutile phases (as well as biphasic mixtures of the two phases), rutile TiO2 in powder and thin film form is frequently fabricated in laboratory conditions through solution based routes using inorganic precursors (typically TiCl4) or organometallic precursors (typically alkoxides such as titanium isopropoxide, also known as TTIP). Depending on synthesis conditions, the first phase to crystallize may be the metastable anatase phase, which can then be converted to the equilibrium rutile phase through thermal treatment. The physical properties of rutile are often modified using dopants to impart improved photocatalytic activity through improved photo-generated charge carrier separation, altered electronic band structures and improved surface reactivity.

Price: 5.99 USD

Location: Tucson, Arizona

End Time: 2024-07-27T20:20:26.000Z

Shipping Cost: 5.95 USD