Jan Hus on the pyre 1415 AD WOODCUT from 1862

Description: Jan Hus at the stake in 1415 AD. Original wood engraving from 1862 (not a reprint) Sheet size approx. 26.5 x 20 cm, unprinted on the back. Condition: Sheet slightly stained due to age, otherwise good - see scan! If you have any questions, please send an email - Questions, please send a mail.Please also note my other offers! Here are more motifs about German history!I offer many other color prints, wood engravings, steel engravings and lithographs - please use the SHOP search. Shipping costs only apply once for multiple items purchased! Documentation: Jan Hus (after his probable birthplace Husinec, Bohemia; * around 1370; † 6. July 1415 in Konstanz), also called Johann(es) Hus(s), was a Bohemian Christian theologian, preacher and reformer. He was temporarily rector of Charles University. After Jan Hus did not want to recant his teachings during the Council of Constance, he was burned at the stake as a heretic. The Hussite movement named after Hus is partly due to his work. In the Czech Republic, Hus is considered a national saint. After studying at Charles University, he received the academic degree of Magister Artium in 1396, became a university professor and is considered the author of the anonymous treatise Orthographia Bohemica, in which the diacritical system of Czech orthography was first proposed (with the acute for long vowels and the overpoint for soft consonants). From 1398 onwards, through Jerome of Prague, Hus became familiar with the teachings of the Oxford theologian John Wyclif, which he enthusiastically embraced. Czech nobles who have been married since the marriage of King Wenceslas' sister, Anne of Bohemia, to Richard II. of England (1382) studied at the University of Oxford, from there brought Wyclif's writings to Prague - first the philosophical ones, later also the theological and church-political ones. Due to the moral deterioration of the clergy in England and Bohemia, Wycliffe called for the church to turn away from property and secular power. Jan Hus began studying theology in 1398, was ordained a priest in 1400, appointed dean of the philosophical faculty in 1401 and appointed professor in 1402. He held the office of rector of the University of Prague, where he taught theology and philosophy, in 1409 and 1410. From 1402, Hus preached in Czech in the Bethlehem Chapel in Prague's Old Town and introduced communal singing during services in the Czech language. He gave around 200 sermons there in Czech every year and thus promoted Czech national consciousness. Hus, who initially enjoyed great respect under Archbishop Zbynko Zajíc von Hasenburg, was appointed synod preacher several times. He became confessor to Queen Sophie of Bavaria. Hus preached a strict, virtuous way of life and was jealous of the zeitgeist and fashion, so that he occasionally antagonized the guilds of shoemakers, hatters, goldsmiths, wine merchants and innkeepers. Influenced by the Teaching Wycliffe, he criticized the secular possessions of the church, the greed of the clergy and their life of vice. He fought passionately for a reform of the secular church, advocated freedom of conscience and saw the Bible as the only authority on questions of faith. In doing so, he contradicted the doctrine of the official church, according to which the Pope is the final authority in matters of faith. Hus also adopted the doctrine of predestination from John Wycliffe and advocated using the local language in church services. In 1408, the Archbishop of Prague learned of Hus' sermons and removed him from his position as synod preacher. He was forbidden from saying mass and preaching. However, he did not adhere to these prohibitions, continued to preach against the papacy and bishops and quickly brought large parts of Bohemia to his side. In addition, preaching outside churches should be banned. After this bull on the 9th After it was published in March 1410, the archbishop had over 200 of Wyclif's manuscripts publicly burned and sued Jan Hus in Rome. Hus, who unsuccessfully had representatives represent him there, was then excommunicated from the church in July 1410. Antipope John XXIII[5] banned him in February 1411. Hus was excommunicated and expelled from the city of Prague, which led to unrest in Prague. Due to his popularity, which culminated in popular demonstrations, Hus continued to teach for another year under the king's protection. He now condemned the crusade and indulgence bulls of John XXIII. However, in 1412 Hus had to flee. Bohemia was the only kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire. Prague was an imperial residence city in Hus' time. In addition to the German King and/or “Roman” Emperor, there was the Bohemian King, if these dignities did not exactly coincide in personal union. When Charles University in Prague was supposed to take a stand on the Western Schism, Hus was the spokesman for the Czechs. The university was divided into the four “nationalities” of Bavaria, Saxony, Poland and Bohemia. Since 1408, King Wenceslaus had agreed to support the Council of Pisa, which sought to overcome the papal schism, as well as the Bohemian nation of the university. The German nations and Archbishop Zbyněk, on the other hand, stuck to their Roman obedience. The fronts hardened when the masters of the Bohemian nation embraced Wyclifian realism, which formed the philosophical basis for the theological criticism of Hussen and other Bohemian theologians. This formation of opposition ultimately led to the Kutnenberg Decree of 1409, which fundamentally changed the distribution of votes at the university. With a majority of votes from the German nations, a neutral position towards the two popes in Avignon and Rome would not have been possible. Wenceslaus therefore gave the Bohemians three votes, while the Bavarians, Poles and Saxons together only received one. The Czechs, together with King Wenceslaus, declared themselves neutral, while the Germans, together with Archbishop Zbyněk, appealed to Gregory XII. held on. In addition to Jan Hus, Jerome of Prague, who was burned as a heretic at the Council of Constance 10 months after Hus, had significant influence on the enforcement of the decree. For the first time, nationalist motives played a role in an uprising by the Czech people, which were crucial for the development of Hussite commitment. As a result of the Kutnenberg Decree, at least 1,000 German students left Prague with their professors, prompting the founding of the University of Leipzig. When the antipope John XXIII. announced a new crusade against the King of Naples and promised plenary indulgence to every “cross-bearer,” Hus publicly condemned this practice, which made him very popular. However, this ultimately broke the relationship with the king, who himself had financial interests in the planned sale of indulgences. New unrest broke out in Prague on the 14th. In July 1412 three young men who had publicly opposed the sale of indulgences were executed. They were immediately venerated as martyrs in the reform movement. Due to increasing pressure, Hus fled Prague in 1412 and lived at the Ziegenburg in southern Bohemia and at Krakovec Castle in central Bohemia until 1414. There he wrote several of his works[6] and thus made a significant contribution to the further development of the Czech written language. During this time he continued his involvement in translating the Bible into the local language (a new complete translation of the Old Testament and revision of older translations of the New Testament were created in his area). The new parts of the text were first published in his work Postila (1413). Hus now went to Husinec, his birthplace. During this phase he wrote numerous writings and pamphlets. He achieved that the part of the Bohemian nobility that was at odds with the church protected him and his followers. If his ideas were successful, some probably also had hopes for the church property because, according to Wyclif's teachings, the clergy should be expropriated if they are unworthy. Hus traveled the country as a traveling preacher and found numerous followers. In 1413 Hus wrote De ecclesia (On the Church). In it he held the view that the church was a community without hierarchy in which only Christ could be the head. Based on the Augustinian concept of church, he defined the church as a community of the predestined, i.e. all people chosen by God. In the visible church, however, there are also unelected people who form the corpus diaboli. Hus believed that many church leaders were actually members of the devil. The unrest and theological disputes in Bohemia also preoccupied the Council of Constance from 1414. The aim was to restore the country's reputation and free itself from accusations of tolerating heresy. The German King Sigismund assured Hus safe conduct (a salvus conductus for the outward and return journey and the duration of his stay) and promised him a letter of safe conduct. But Hus set out beforehand to present his views to the council. Despite his excommunication and the great excommunication pronounced against him, he was warmly welcomed everywhere on his way to Constance. He reached on the 3rd. November Constance. The Pope raised on the 4th November 1414 the church punishments against him. First he preached for three weeks in a hostel on St.-Pauls-Gasse - today Hussenstrasse. (The location of the hostel can no longer be clearly clarified. Today's Hus Museum Konstanz is housed in a house from that time.) On 28. However, on November 1, Hus was arrested, taken to the bishop's palace near Konstanz Minster and held prisoner for a week in the cathedral cantor's house.[9] At 6. In December he was imprisoned in the dungeon in a semicircular annex of the Dominican monastery on the Dominican Island. Here he endured a few torturous months. He was tied up during the day and locked in a shack at night. He was exposed to the stench of a sewer, was poorly fed, and was plagued by illness. Since his death did not serve his opponents - he was supposed to have revoked his teachings beforehand - he was killed on 24. In March 1415 he was moved to somewhat more tolerable quarters, the Barfüsserturm at what later became the Stefansschule. As Sigismund on the 24th When he arrived in December 1414, he was angry about the breach of the letter of safe conduct, but did nothing to help Hus. Since he wanted to inherit the Bohemian crown of his brother Wenceslaus, he was more interested in rehabilitating Bohemia's reputation. Sigismund's promise of safe conduct was declared void because Hus did not want to take back his views and therefore it was no longer the secular order that was responsible for him, but the ecclesiastical order (according to the interpretation at the time, the promise was void anyway, since there could be no binding promise to a heretic ). In March 1415, Pope John XXIII, whose prisoner Hus was, fled Constance. Hus came on the 24th. March into the custody of the Bishop of Konstanz, who shortly afterwards had him imprisoned in the prison tower of Gottlieben Castle, a moated castle on the Seerhein. Also John XXIII. was soon captured, brought back to Konstanz and imprisoned himself in Gottlieben Castle. At 4. In May 1415 the council also condemned John Wyclif and his teachings. Since Wyclif had already been dead for 30 years at the time of the conviction, the sentence could of course no longer be carried out. For this purpose, the burning of his remains was ordered and actually carried out a few years later, in 1428. Hus came on the 5th. June 1415 in a Franciscan monastery. He spent the last weeks of his life there. From the 5th till 8. On June 1, Hus was interrogated in the monastery's refectory. Bohemian and Moravian nobles who supported Hu ensured that he was allowed to at least partially defend himself and his teachings in public at the council. The council demanded that he publicly recant and renounce his teachings. Hus refused and stood his ground until the end of June. On the morning of the 6th In July 1415, at a solemn general assembly of the council in the cathedral, later Constance Minster, Hus was sentenced to death by fire as a heretic because of his doctrine of the “Church as the invisible community of the predestined.” Participating in the council in the cathedral as representatives of the secular powers were King Sigismund, Frederick of Brandenburg, Ludwig III. from the Palatinate and a Hungarian magnate. Those involved in the ecclesiastical verdict were the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia, the Bishop of Lodi, the Bishop of Concordia and the Archbishop of Milan. Since Pope Gregory XII. before had abdicated and Pope John XXIII. (Antipope) had been deposed shortly before, the condemnation took place without papal involvement. Hus was handed over to secular power. On behalf of the king, Count Palatine Ludwig carried out the judgment, which was considered imperial law. Ulrich Richental described the phases of the execution in his chronicle. The path led from the cathedral via today's Wessenbergstrasse (at that time still Plattengasse), the Obermarkt and the Paradieser city gate a short distance towards Gottlieben to the Brühl on the Schindanger. Jan Hus was born on the afternoon of the 6th. July 1415 on the Brühl, between the city wall and the moat, burned together with his writings. Before that, a paper crown of shame was placed on his head. There were “three horrible devils painted on it, just as they wanted to drag and hold on to the soul with all their claws. And on this crown was written the title of his case: 'This is an arch-heretic'." Shortly before the execution, Reichsmarschall Haupt II arrived. von Pappenheim rode in and called on Hus to recant for the last time in the name of King Sigismund. Hus refused. “The Reich Marshal clapped his hands as a sign of execution. The torch was placed on the pile of wood.” The executioners scattered his ashes into the Rhine.[18] Since 1863, a memorial stone has been commemorated at the medieval execution site at the mouth of the street Zum Hussenstein, which was named after it, into the street Am Anger.Source: Wikipedia Jan Hus (after his probable birthplace Husinec, Bohemia; * around 1370; † 6. July 1415 in Konstanz), also called Johann(es) Hus(s), was a Bohemian Christian theologian, preacher and reformer. He was temporarily rector of Charles University. After Jan Hus did not want to recant his teachings during the Council of Constance, he was burned at the stake as a heretic. The Hussite movement named after Hus is partly due to his work. In the Czech Republic, Hus is considered a national saint. After studying at Charles University, he received the academic degree of Magister Artium in 1396, became a university professor and is considered the author of the anonymous treatise Orthographia Bohemica, in which the diacritical system of Czech orthography was first proposed (with the acute for long vowels

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