Albania 1963 imperf Olympics MNH 4 Stamps MI €85.00

Description: ALBANIA 1963 MNH FULL IMPERFORATE WINTER OLYMPICS SET100% Original Rare Scarce Stamps YOU ARE BIDDING ON: Albania 1963 imperf - Olympics - MNH - Full Set - Mi €85.00 Condition: Check the Picture, please Seller: StampLake.com Pro WORLDWIDE SHIPPING FLAT SHIPPING RATES - MULTIPLE ITEMS IN 1 PACKAGE Fast delivery with tracking number for only $7.95 * * $10.95 if more than 0.100 kg incl. pack. Save money on postage - add more than 1 products to cart and request total from the shopping card page. We will send you invoice with combined shipping price for all of your lots. Please note that we ship your order in 1-2 bussines days. Any further delays in shipment are likely the result of the delivery provider. International Shipments may take up to 2-3 weeks to arrive to their destination. We appreciate your patience and realistic shipping expectations for those Orders. ANY QUESTION? E-MAIL US All items are absolutely guaranteed to be genuine and as described. Buy with confidence-we are professional, full-time dealers in business for many years online on StampLake.com website. We pack and ship your purchases with care and consideration in a timely manner. With us, you can expect First-Class service and helpful consultation at no extra charge. PRODUCT INFO ALBANIA IMPERFORATED OLYMPIC ISSUE Collecting stamps of Albania 1960's over the years is not only an acquaintance with history, but also a profitable investment! The history of the post and postage stamps of Albania examines the development of postal communication and the issuance of its own postage stamps (since 1913) on the territory of Albania. Content 1 Development of mail 2 Issues of postage stamps 2.1 First stamps 2.2 Subsequent issues 2.3 Overprints 3 Italian Post in Albania (1902-1923) 4 Occupation issues 4.1 Austro-Hungarian occupation 4.2 Occupation in World War II 5 Local edition of Shkoder 6 Fantastic releases 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Literature 10 Links Mail Development The history of the post office in Albania has been traced since its entry into the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, from 1870 to 1913, postage stamps of the Ottoman Empire were in circulation on the Albanian territory. Postage stamp issues The first stamps After gaining independence, Albania issued the first postage stamps in 1913. Subsequent issues Inscriptions on postage stamps of Albania denoting the name of the state in Albanian: Shqiperia, Shqiperise, Shqiptare. Overprints The first overprint on postage stamps of Albania was made on November 28, 1913. An overprint of the state symbols — the Albanian Eagle after the declaration of independence from the Ottoman Empire and a new denomination of 10 Turkish pairs - was made with a hand stamp. It was in circulation until December 31, 1913. There are varieties by color[1]. The last overprint was made in January 2006 to change the nominal value of 40 Albanian lek (lek) due to the need for stamps of this denomination[1]. During the entire period, 319 cataloged overprints were made[1], of which 14 were postal-charitable to raise funds for the Red Cross Foundation, 52 — in connection with the change in the state system in Albania, 50 — changes in the nominal value of the postage stamp, 62 — commemorative, 21 — to change the type of stamp, for use as a surcharge, 18 — control overprints to prevent speculation by postage stamps[1]. Italian Post Office in Albania (1902-1923) On the territory of Albania, which was part of the Ottoman Empire until 1912, Italian post offices operated, which used postage stamps intended for all such post offices operating in the Ottoman Empire. In addition to these postage stamps, the Italian Post Office issued special stamps for Albania. So, in 1902-1908, Italian postage stamps with an overprint of the text ital were in circulation. "Albania" ("Albania") and a new denomination, intended for post offices in the cities of Scutari (Shkoder), Durazzo (Durres) and Valona (Vlora)[2]. In 1909-1916, separate stamps were issued for these three post offices[2]. These were Italian postage stamps overprinted with a new denomination in Turkish currency and the name of the city, namely[2][3]: ital. "Scutari di Albania" ("Scutari in Albania"), "Durazzo" ("Durazzo") and "Valona" ("Valona"). In total, 10 postage stamps were issued for Shkoder, 9 for Durres and 10 for Vlora[3]. In October 1911, the Italian post offices in Albania were closed, but they started working again a year later, in October 1912, finally ceasing to function in 1923[2]. Occupation issues Austro-Hungarian occupation During the occupation of Albania by Austria-Hungary in the First World War, stamps of the Austro-Hungarian field mail were in circulation in the occupied territory[2]. Occupation in World War II During the Second World War, postage stamps of the German, Greek and Italian occupation were issued. Local edition of Shkoder In March 1915, the post office of the city of Shkodera issued a local issue, which was a four-line overprint with the name of the city and other text in Albanian on Albanian postage stamps issued in 1914. Also, for use as additional stamps, a similar overprint with the addition of the letter "T" (surcharge) was made on stamps of Albania issued in 1913. In the period from May 1915 to January 1919, the post office of Shkoder did not function, but already in 1919, an overprint of the text of the Albanian "Shkoder 1919" ("Shkoder 1919") was made on the postage stamp of Albania issued in 1914[4]. Fantastic issues See also: Stamps of virtual states § Mirdita and Mirdita (district) In June 1921, the independent Republic of Mirdita was proclaimed on the territory of Albania. It lasted until November of the same year. In 1922, a five-stamp series of the independent Government of Mirdita appeared on the philatelic market with the inscription alb. Vetëkeverria e Mirditiës ("Independent Government of Mirdita"). Some "stamps" were overprinted "TAKSE" — surcharge. However, they had no relation to the Mirdit Republic and were a speculative-fantastic issue[5]. Examples of speculative-fantastic Mirdita stamps "Postage stamp" "Postage stamp" "Surcharge stamp" "Surcharge stamp" See also History of Albania History of the post office and postage stamps of Northern Epirus Postal codes in Albania List of people on postage stamps of Albania[en] Posta Shqiptare[en] Notes Information from the catalogs of postage stamps "Michael" and "Scott". Albania // Big Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas ... [et al.]; under the general editorship of N. I. Vladinets and V. A. Jacobs. — M. : Radio and Communications, 1988. — P. 12. — 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2. Albania // Philatelic geography (foreign countries): Handbook / L. L. Lepeshinsky. — M.: Svyaz, 1967. — pp. 14-16. — 480 p. Shkodera issue // Big Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas ... [et al.]; under the general editorship of N. I. Vladinets and V. A. Jacobs. — M. : Radio and Communications, 1988. — p. 297. — 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2. "Issues of the Mirdit Republic" // Big Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas ... [et al.]; under the general editorship of N. I. Vladinets and V. A. Jacobs. — M. : Radio and Communications, 1988. — p. 194. — 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2. (Accessed: June 15, 2020) Archived copy. Accessed: June 15, 2020. Archived on April 3, 2017. Literature Albania // Philatelic geography. European foreign countries / N. I. Vladinets. — M.: Radio and Communications, 1981. — p. ?—?. — 160 p. Arkhangelsk E. M. Postal issues of Albania // Rossika. — 1932. — No. 8. — pp. 69-75. Arkhangelsk E. M. Postal issues of Albania (continued) // Rossika. — 1932. — No. 9. — pp. 101-109. OLYMPIC 1962 - OL POSTAGEСОВЕТСКИЙ СОЮЗ СССР ERA ALBANIE FRIMERKER BLOKKPERF POSTAGE COMPLETE SET PERFORATED STAMPSАЛБАНИЯ ОЛИМПИЯ - ОЛИМПИЙСКАЯ АЛБАНИЯSOCKER SPORT STAMP IMPERFORATEDSKI JUMP SPORT BLOCKS EUROPA ISSUE SHEETS The history of Albania is part of the history of Europe. In the period of antiquity, the territory of modern Albania was inhabited by some Illyrian tribes, such as Ardians, Amantines, Taulantians and many others, as well as Thracian and Greek tribes and Greek colonies on the shores of the Adriatic Sea. In the III century before our era, the territory was annexed by Rome and became part of the Roman provinces of Dalmatia, Macedonia and Upper Moesia. Впоследствии the territory remained under Roman and Byzantine control until the Slavic migrations of the VII century. Albania was included in the Bulgarian Empire in the 9th century. In the Middle Ages, the principality of Arberia and the state of the Crusaders, known as the Kingdom of Albania, were created. Some districts became part of the Venetian and Serbian-Greek empires, but they passed to the Ottoman Empire in the XV century. In 1912, it got independence. In the 1920s and 1930s, it was alternately a republic or kingdom, and in 1939 it was occupied by Italy. Socialist Albania (1946-1990) Main article: People's Socialist Republic of Albania Main article: Hoxhaism Bunker in the Albanian Alps. During the reign of Hoxha, who feared an invasion from all his neighbors, concrete bunkers were being built in Albania. Over 700 thousand small bunkers were built, one for every 4 inhabitants of the country. The density of bunkers is 24 pieces per square kilometer. Small bunkers were located in groups of 3 or more, in places where the enemy was most likely to attack. In 1945, elections to the Constitutional Assembly were held in Albania, in which the communist Democratic Front received 97.7% of the vote. One-party rule was established in the Communist Party of Albania (CPA; from 1948, the Party of Labor of Albania, PLA), headed by Enver Hoxha, First Secretary of the Central Committee. On January 11, 1946, the monarchy was abolished, the People's Republic of Albania (NRA) was proclaimed, and the Constitution of the NRA was adopted. At first, the new regime enjoyed considerable popular support. This was facilitated by the demolition of the former feudal hierarchy, the introduction of social programs, and the proclamation of equal rights for women. In August 1945, the first agrarian reform in Albanian history was announced. Landownership was liquidated, the peasants were endowed with additional land and draft cattle, their debts were annulled. The collectivization of agriculture, as in the USSR, was not carried out immediately, but only after the strengthening of the regime and the creation of a food base. A sharp increase in social mobility, the removal of the former patriarchal restrictions provided the CPA with mass enthusiasm, primarily among the youth, and residents of the south of the country. Directions for industrialization and modernization, the creation of a modern social infrastructure, education and health systems, the achievement of universal literacy attracted both the masses of young peasants and many Albanian intellectuals. The main social lift was the Albanian People's Army (ANA). The many thousands of ANA was not only a stronghold and political tool of the CPA / PLA, but also an instrument of the new socialization of the peasant masses and a personnel reserve of the authorities. Supporters of the ruling party were not only the bearers of communist views. Fan Noli's adherents, attracted by left-wing republican rhetoric, and nationalists, inspired by the slogans of independence and development, and monarchists, who saw strong power and career prospects, joined the new regime. The anti-communist political emigration, led by Midhat Frashëri and Abas Ermeni, consolidated into the Free Albania National Committee, but could not exert a noticeable influence on the situation in the country. Attempts at armed resistance to the nationalist organization Balli Kombetar were severely suppressed. Its leaders (including former ministers Cola Tromara and Bahri Omari) were executed by the Special Court. Special formations - Brigadave të Ndjekjes - committed thousands of extrajudicial murders (mainly in northern Albania) [3]. In January 1946, representatives of the Catholic intelligentsia and the Franciscan order, members of the interfaith "Regency Council" were shot: Anton Harapi, Malik Bushati, Lef Nosi. In July 1946, the court sentenced to death the leaders of the legal liberal-democratic and constitutional-monarchist opposition, including Sami Keribashi, Kenan Dibra, Shaban Balu. Musina Kokalari, leader of the Social Democratic Party, received 20 years in prison. Opposition parliamentarians from the Deputy Group[5] appeared before show trials, many of them were executed (including Riza Dani and Shefket Beya). Albanian traditions of military democracy, communal autonomy, rejection of any state power - especially in the mountainous Catholic north - contributed to the anti-communist armed resistance[6]. In January 1945, the Kelmend uprising of Prek Tsali[7] and the Rebellion of Kopliku Lesh Marashi[8] were suppressed in Malesia-e-Madi. In September 1946, the Postribian uprising took place in Shkodër, led by Osman Hadjiya, Jup Kazazi and Riza Dani[9]. In Mirdita, the influential Kapidani-Marcagioni clan created an underground organization, the Mining Committee,[10] which in August 1949 carried out a major terrorist attack - the assassination of party secretary Bardock Biba. In Tepelen in the autumn of 1948, the Japokiki Uprising took place, led by Bayram Kamberi and Jemal Brahim. When suppressing these protests, the state security agencies focused not on identifying specific opponents, but on mass repressions against the population of these territories. Enver Hoxha's regime was distinguished by the consistency of the Stalinist course. The economy was nationalized and extremely centralized. Political power belonged undividedly to the top of the PLA, headed by the first secretary. A cult of Hoxha's personality was planted. The opposition was brutally suppressed by the Sigurimi secret police. Minister of Justice Bilbil Klosi stated that the political articles of the NRA Criminal Code should be tougher than the Soviet counterparts of the period of Stalinist repressions. СОВЕТСКИЙ СОЮЗ СССР ERA TOKYO JAPAN 1964 OL FULL ISSUE ALBANIE FRIMERKER BLOKK + PERF MERKER PERFORATED COLLECTIBLE POSTAGE ISSUE PERF STAMPS FRIMERKER АЛБАНИЯ MICHEL CATALOGUE 2009 YEAR PRICE IN EUR ON PICTURE EUROPA ISSUE SHEETS AND STAMPS COMPLETE SETORIGINAL SUPERB QUALITY €65+ PERFORATED SET - COMPLETE ISSUETOKYO OLYMPIC WINTER SPORT - HIGH SKI JUMP WORLD CHALLENGE Postal history in Albania has been traced back to the time of its entry into the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, from 1870 to 1913, postage stamps of the Ottoman Empire were in circulation on Albanian territory. The first overprint on Albanian postage stamps was made on November 28, 1913. The hand stamp overprinted the state symbols - the Albanian eagle after the declaration of independence from the Ottoman Empire and the new denomination of 10 Turkish par. It was in circulation until December 31, 1913. The last overprint was made in January 2006 to change the denomination of 40 Albanian lek (lek) due to the need for stamps of this denomination. Over the entire period, 319 cataloged overprints were produced. of which 14 were postal-charitable to raise funds for the Red Cross Fund, 52 - in connection with the change in the political system in Albania, 50 - changes in the face value of the postage stamp, 62 - commemorative, 21 - to change the type of stamp, for use as an additional charge, 18 - Control overprints to prevent postage stamp speculation. Italian post office in Albania (1902-1923) On the territory of Albania, which was part of the Ottoman Empire until 1912, Italian post offices functioned, which used postage stamps intended for all such post offices operating in the Ottoman Empire. In addition to the indicated postage stamps, the Italian postal department issued special stamps for Albania. So, in 1902-1908, Italian postage stamps were in circulation with an overprint of the text Italian. "Albania" ("Albania") and a new denomination, intended for post offices in the cities of Scutari (Shkoder), Durazzo (Durres) and Valona (Vlora). In 1909-1916, separate stamps were issued for the three indicated post offices. These were Italian postage stamps overprinted with a new denomination in Turkish currency and the name of the city, namely: ital. "Scutari di Albania" ("Scutari in Albania"), "Durazzo" ("Durazzo") and "Valona" ("Valona"). A total of 10 postage stamps were issued for Shkodra, 9 for Durres and 10 for Vlora. In October 1911, the Italian post offices in Albania were closed, but they began to work again a year later, in October 1912, finally ceasing to function in 1923 Austro-Hungarian occupation During the occupation of Albania by Austria-Hungary during the First World War, Austro-Hungarian field mail stamps were in circulation in the occupied territory. Occupation in World War II During the Second World War, postage stamps of the German, Greek and Italian occupations were issued. Local issue of Shkoder In March 1915, a local issue was issued by the city of Shkodra, which was a four-line overprint with the name of the city and other text in Albanian on the Albanian postage stamps of the 1914 issue. Also for use as surcharge stamps, a similar overprint with the addition of the letter "T" (surcharge) was made on 1913 stamps of Albania. In the period from May 1915 to January 1919, the Shkodra post office did not function, but already in 1919, the Alb. "Shkoder 1919" ("Shkoder 1919"). Fantastic Editions See also: Virtual state stamps § Mirdita, and Mirdita (district) In June 1921, the independent Republic of Mirdita was proclaimed on the territory of Albania. It lasted until November of that year. In 1922, a five-mark series of the independent government of Mirdita appeared on the philatelic market with the inscription Alb. Vetëkeverria e Mirditiës ("Independent Government of Mirdita"). Some "stamps" were overprinted "TAKSE" - surcharge. However, they had nothing to do with the Mirdita Republic and were a speculative-fantastic release. R.P.E. SHQIPERISE WE ALSO SELL IMPERFORATE STAMPS OF MONACO FOR MREMIUM COLLECTION AND MUSEUMS TIMBRE NON DENTELE - NON PERFORATED POSTAGE - ORIGINAL GUM - NOT HINGED CATALOGUE PRICE IN EURO (ON PICTURES) YVER&TELLIER. T.1 BIS MONACO ET DES TERRITORIES FRANCAIS D'OUTRE-MER - 2012 YVER&TELLIER. T.1 BIS MONACO AND FRENCH OVERSEAS TERRITORIES - 2012 Collecting postage stamps of Monaco over the years is not only an acquaintance with history, but also a profitable investment. Since the second half of the 20th century, when Rainier III came to power, philatelists from all over the world have been following every issue of the principality with great interest. Considering the issuance of postage stamps as one of the important sources of income, the mini-state tries to satisfy the needs of collectors as much as possible, offering inexpensive, but interesting products in terms of subject matter and design. There are also copies, the price of which reaches several thousand dollars, mainly these are varieties produced in small numbers or marriages that were immediately withdrawn from use. The issue with portraits of the newlyweds in oval vignettes between which there was a cartouche with the date of the wedding and a monogram of the letters "R" and "C" was dedicated directly to the marriage ceremony. At different times, series were released where Grace appeared as a loving wife, caring mother and ruling aristocrat. The most famous is still the Princess Grace miniature of 1957 with a profile portrait on a black background. After the death of the actress in 1982, the Monegasque postal department continues to honor her memory. Of the latest commemorative series, the issue of 2017-2018, dedicated to the Hollywood past of Grace Kelly, should be mentioned. And in 2019, on the occasion of the 90th anniversary of the birth of the star, a souvenir sheet was released with three of her portraits of different years. The French graphic artist Yves Beaujar worked on the anniversary project. The most expensive stamps of the Principality The price of printed miniatures depends on the rarity. And it's not just the small print run. Slight differences from the standard - a change in the size of the perforation, the presence or absence of a watermark, a printing defect, an error in the inscription, and the value of the stamp increases several times. Novice collectors need to carefully study the copy they have and compare it with catalog samples before selling it at an overpriced or, conversely, underpriced price. 5fr+5fr, Princess Charlotte's wedding This is one of the rarest stamps of the Principality, with a circulation of 1050 copies. It was issued in 1920 for the wedding celebrations of Princess Charlotte Grimaldi and Count Pierre de Polignac. The story of the bride is very unusual. Being the illegitimate daughter of Louis II, she grew up in oblivion until the age of 21, until it turned out that there were no other heirs to the throne of Monaco. And since a German prince was listed among the distant contenders, France threatened the associated principality with occupation in order to prevent a subject of a foreign state from coming to power. In order to avoid conflict, Charlotte was granted the title of Duchess Valentinois, thus making her the main and only contender for the crown and married a representative of a noble French family. The marriage union was supposed to strengthen political ties between the two neighboring countries. However, Charlotte's marriage turned out to be short-lived and unhappy - her husband had homosexual inclinations, and in 1933 they finally broke up. Two children were born from this union, including the successor of the Grimaldi dynasty, Rainier III. The Princess Charlotte's Wedding miniature, in Fresh condition, was sold in February 2016 at a Daniel F. Kelleher auction for a record $5,015. Charles III, 5fr crimson on green The stamp is one of ten portraits of Charles III issued in 1885. Engraving by D. Dupuis, drawing by E. Muchon. For a rare quality miniature with a perfectly centered image, auctioneer Robert A. Siegel managed to raise $1,600 in April 2017. Princess Grace The famous portrait of the actress, released in 1957, is considered one of the most successful. Grace loved and knew how to wear expensive jewelry, having a reputation as a trendsetter for luxury and high style. In the portrait, she is depicted wearing a diamond diadem and necklace, which she wore only for ceremonial exits. In everyday life, the princess preferred pearls, especially in headsets from the official supplier of the Monegasque court, the Van Cleef & Arpels brand. In June 2010, a block of four 1 franc miniatures with a portrait of Grace Kelly was sold at Cherrystone for $1,400. 500 years since the birth of Albrecht Dürer The most famous brand of the Principality with a characteristic error. It reproduced the engraving of the great artist of the German Renaissance era "Christ before Pilate". The original printing stamp was signed "Albert Dürer" instead of "Albrecht". The mistake was noticed before the circulation went on sale and it was immediately withdrawn. Currently, there are very few "wrong" copies of the brand. A rare case in a philatelist, when a rarity that did not fulfill its direct function brought its owner $ 1,200 at the Schuyler Rumsey auction. GREAT CORMORANT 1000 5FR One of the most spectacular Monegasque airmail stamps is adorned with an image of the mainland cormorant. Unlike the standard 14x13.5 perforation, a rare perf 11 is used here. This increased the value of the rarity, allowing Cherrystone to fetch $700 for a block of four large stamps at the auction. The mainland great cormorant lives in the subtropical latitudes of the European and Asian continents. Large, with a body length of up to 90 cm, birds settle in large colonies on the shores of fresh or salt water bodies. They are easily distinguished by their massive silhouette and penguin-like gait. Cormorants feed mainly on fish, like other waterfowl. Hunting in large groups, the birds scare away shoals going to spawn from their usual places. By this, cormorants harm the fishery, which is why for a long time their colonies were destroyed by humans, until the population was on the verge of extinction. HISTORY OF MONACO POSTAGES The history of mail and postage stamps of Monaco covers the following periods of development of postal communication in the territory of the Principality of Monaco - pre-stamp, French rule and independent, when their own postage stamps were put into circulation (since 1885). In 1955, Monaco joined the Universal Postal Union, and in 1993 - the European organization PostEurop. PREMARCHING PERIOD Monaco's postal history dates back to the principality's first postmark, which appeared in 1704. Unstamped envelopes are known both with handwritten postmarks and with manual postmarks for Monaco and Fort d'Hercule (French occupation 1793-1814). Since the Principality once covered a much larger area, the postmarks of the communes of Menton and Roquebrune before their secession in 1848 can also be included here. FRENCH RULE Postage stamps from the Kingdom of Sardinia were used in Monaco from 1851 to 1860, when, under the Treaty of Turin, the Kingdom of Sardinia ceded the neighboring county of Nice to France and renounced the protectorate over Monaco. Thereafter, French postage stamps with imprints of the postmarks of Monaco or Monte Carlo were in circulation. Two types of cancellations of the French period are known. At the first, the postmark is placed on the envelope away from the stamps, the stamps themselves were canceled with a cancellation stamp with the identification number of the post office 4222, or later - 2387, in the middle of a diamond of ink dots. In the second, the postmark was placed directly on the stamps, immediately as a stamp and as cancellation. All of these postal predecessors, especially the Sardinian postage stamps canceled in Monaco, are much more valuable than the same stamps that have been posted in the issuing countries. ISSUES OF POSTAGE STAMPS The first postage stamps of Monaco appeared on July 1, 1885. They depicted the Prince of Monaco, Charles III. Postage stamps of Monaco, which are pegged to the postal rates of France, remain popular with collectors and are considered one of the main sources of income for the Principality. OVERPRINTS The first overprint on a stamp of Monaco was made in October 1914 on the issue of 1901 for the collection of charitable fundraising from postal items to the Red Cross Foundation - in the form of a red cross and indicating a surcharge of 5 centimes to the main face value. Last overprint, fr. "M. RIOS", was made on May 31, 1997 in the form and dedicated to the victory of the Chilean tennis player Marcelo Rios in the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters tennis tournament, held on April 27, 1997 in Monaco. Over the entire period, 104 cataloged overprints were produced, of which 21 were postal-charitable, 30 were changes in the face value of a postage stamp, 14 were commemorative, 39 were a change in the type of stamp. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHILATELY In 1937, the Principality responded to the growing interest of philatelists by establishing a postage stamp office. The accession to the throne in 1949 of Prince Rainier III led to an increase in the importance of the principality's philatelic issues. During his reign, the prince was personally involved in all aspects of the development of designs and forms of the philatelic issues of Monaco. He is credited with saying that postage stamps are "the country's best ambassador". The prince was a famous philatelist, his collection formed the basis of the Museum of Postage Stamps and Coins of Monaco. OTHER INFO ABOUT THE PRODUCT Russian Federation Army Man wit Equipment Sowjetischer Kollektivbauer Briefmarke grün Soviet collective farmerGreen woman 15 kopeck - kopecks - Kopeker 1/6.7 Roubles - Rouble - Rubl USSR stamp - marka marki sssrРосси́йская Федерaция (Russian) Rossiyskaya Federatsiya Flag of Russia Flag Coat of arms of Russia Coat of arms Anthem: "Gosudarstvenny gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii (Slav'sya otechestvo, nashe svobodnoye Bratsih narodov, soyuz vekovoy) " (transliteration) "State Anthem of the Russian Federation" Location of Russia (green) Russian-administered Crimea (disputed; light green)a Location of Russia (green) Russian-administered Crimea (disputed; light green)a Capital and largest city Moscow 55°45′N 37°37′E Official languages Russian Recognised national languages See Languages of Russia Ethnic groups (2010[1]) 81.0% Russian 3.7% Tatar 1.4% Ukrainian 1.1% Bashkir 1.0% Chuvash 0.8% Chechen 11.0% others / unspecified Religion See Religion in Russia Demonym Russian Government Federal semi-presidential constitutional republic[2] • President Vladimir Putin • Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev • Chairman of the Federation Council Valentina Matviyenko • Chairman of the State Duma Vyacheslav Volodin Legislature Federal Assembly • Upper house Federation Council • Lower house State Duma Formation • Arrival of Rurik[3] 862 • Kievan Rus' 882 • Grand Duchy of Moscow 1283 • Tsardom 16 January 1547 • Empire 22 October 1721 • Republic 14 September 1917 • Russian State 23 September 1918 • Russian SFSR 7 November (25 October, OS), 1917 • Soviet Union 30 December 1922 • Sovereignty Declaration 12 June 1990 • CIS Declaration 8 December 1991b • Russian SFSR renamed into the Russian Federation 25 December 1991b • Current constitution 12 December 1993 Area • Total 17,075,200[4] km2 (6,592,800 sq mi) (1st) • Water (%) 13[5] (including swamps) Population • 2018 estimate 144,526,636 Increase[6] (without Crimea)[7] (9th) • Density 8.4/km2 (21.8/sq mi) (225th) GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate • Total $4.152 trillion[8] (6th) • Per capita $28,918[8] (49th) GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate • Total $1.522 trillion[8] (12th) • Per capita $10,630[8] (67th) Gini (2015) Positive decrease 37.7[9] medium · 98 HDI (2015) Increase 0.804[10] very high · 49th Currency Russian ruble (₽) (RUB) Time zone (UTC+2 to +12) Date format dd.mm.yyyy Drives on the right Calling code +7 ISO 3166 code RU Internet TLD .ru .su .рф The Crimean Peninsula is recognized as territory of Ukraine by a majority of UN member nations, but is de facto administered by Russia.[11] The Belavezha Accords was signed in Brest, Belarus on December 8, creating the Commonwealth of Independent States in which the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR ratified the accords on December 12, denouncing the 1922 treaty. On December 25, Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation and the following the day on December 26, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union ratified the accords, effectively dissolving the Soviet Union. Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), also officially known as the Russian Federation[12] (Russian: Росси́йская Федерaция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a sovereign country in Eurasia.[13] At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi),[14] Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area,[15][16][17] and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people at the end of December 2017.[6] About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD.[18] Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,[19] beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.[19] Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century.[20] The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.[21][22] Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state.[23] The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II,[24][25] and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[26][27][28] Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and sole successor state of the Soviet Union.[29] It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015.[30] Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world,[31] making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally.[32][33] The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[34] Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. History Timeline Proto-Indo-Europeans Scythians East Slavs Rus' Khaganate Kievan Rus' Novgorod Republic Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Russian SFSR Soviet Union Russian Federation By topic Economy Military Journalism ‎ Postal Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg Geography Subdivisions Borders Earthquakes Geology European Russia Caucasus Mountains North Caucasus Caspian Sea Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Siberia Russian Far East North Asia Extreme points Cities and towns Islands Lakes Rivers Volcanoes Climate Mountains Politics Conscription Constitution Elections Presidential elections Federal budget Foreign relations Freedom of assembly Freedom of press Media Government Human rights Judiciary Law Citizenship Civil Service Law enforcement (Prisons) Liberalism Military Opposition Political parties President of Russia Economy Agriculture Aircraft industry Car industry Banking Central Bank Corruption Defence industry Economic regions Energy Fishing industry Forestry Gambling Mining Petroleum industry Russian ruble Russian oligarchs Space industry Shipbuilding Trade unions Taxation Tourism Transport Telecommunications Waste Society Demographics Citizens Abortion Alcoholism Crime Education Healthcare Ethnic groups Languages LGBT Immigration Illegal Prostitution Racism Religion Suicide Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Architecture Art Literature Ballet Cinema Graffiti Inventions Media Music Public holidays Opera Language Cuisine Martial arts Folklore Television Internet National anthem Coat of arms National flag Sports Outline Book Category Portal [hide] v t e Russian souvenirs, arts and crafts Matryoshka Samovar Handicrafts Gorodets painting Gzhel Filimonovo toy Kholmogory bone carving Khokhloma Russian lacquer art Fedoskino miniature Kholuy miniature Mstyora miniature Palekh miniature Russian icons Zhostovo painting Ushanka Balalaika Tableware Table-glass Podstakannik Russian porcelain Dulyovo porcelain Samovar Clothing Afghanka Budenovka Cherkeska French Gymnastyorka Kokoshnik Kosovorotka Kaftan Lapti Orenburg shawl Papakha Peaked cap Podvorotnichok Sailor cap Sarafan Spetsodezhda Telnyashka Ushanka Valenki Musical instruments Balalaika Garmon Bayan Russian guitar Musical spoons Treshchotka Toys Bird of Happiness Cheburashka Filimonovo toy Dymkovo toys Kargopol toys Matryoshka doll Petrushka Other Izba Fabergé egg Shashka Tula pryanik [hide] v t e Russia Subdivisions of Russia Federal subjects Republics Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea1 Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia Khakassia Komi Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia-Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Krais Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Oblasts Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Federal cities Moscow St. Petersburg Sevastopol1 Autonomous oblast Jewish Autonomous okrugs Chukotka Khanty-Mansi2 Nenets3 Yamalo-Nenets2 1Claimed by Ukraine and considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine 2Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast 3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast Internal additional non-constitutional divisions by different institutions Economic regions (by Ministry of Economic Development) Military districts (by Ministry of Defence) Federal districts (by President) Judicial districts (by law "On arbitration courts") [hide] v t e World Heritage Sites in Russia by federal district Kizhi Pogost Palace Square, Saint Petersburg Moscow Kremlin Central Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye Moscow Kremlin and Red Square Novodevichy Convent Trinity Sergius Lavra White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal Historic Centre of Yaroslavl Klyuchevskaya Sopka Volcano Lake Baikal Katun River in Altai Mountains Southern Western Caucasus Northwestern Curonian Spit1 Ferapontov Monastery Kizhi Pogost Virgin Komi Forests Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Surroundings Solovetsky Islands Struve Geodetic Arc2 Far Eastern Lena Pillars Volcanoes of Kamchatka Central Sikhote-Alin Wrangel Island Siberian Golden Mountains of Altai Lake Baikal Landscapes of Dauria3 Putorana Plateau Uvs Nuur Basin3 Volga Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk Bolghar Kazan Kremlin North Caucasian Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent 1 Shared with Lithuania 2 Shared with nine other countries 3 Shared with Mongolia [hide] v t e People from Russia Political and religious leaders Pre-1168 1168–1917 1922–1991 1991–present RSFSR leaders General secretaries Soviet premiers (1st deputies) Soviet heads of state (and their spouses) Prime ministers (1st deputies) Foreign ministers Prosecutors general Metropolitans and Patriarchs Saints (1, 2) Alexander Nevsky, the Name of Russia Military figures and explorers Field marshals Soviet marshals Admirals Aviators Cosmonauts Scientists, engineers and inventors Aerospace engineers Astronomers and astrophysicists Biologists Chemists Earth scientists Electrical engineers IT developers Linguists and philologists Mathematicians Naval engineers Physicians and psychologists Physicists Weaponry makers Artists and writers Architects Ballet dancers Composers Opera singers Novelists Philosophers Playwrights Poets Sportspeople Chess players [hide] Gnome-globe.svg Geographic locale [hide] v t e Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia2 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus2 Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland1 Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary (with borders).svg States with limited recognition Abkhazia2 Artsakh2 Kosovo Northern Cyprus2 South Ossetia2 Transnistria Dependencies Denmark Faroe Islands1 autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia2 Sovereign Base Areas Gibraltar British Overseas Territory Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Crown dependencies Special areas of internal sovereignty Finland Åland Islands autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921 Norway Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty United Kingdom Northern Ireland country of the United Kingdom subject to the British-Irish Agreement 1 Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf. 2 Some countries completely outside the conventional geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the continent due to ethnological links. [hide] v t e Countries and dependencies of Asia Abkhazia Afghanistan Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cyprus Egypt Georgia Hong Kong India British Indian Ocean Territory Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Ossetia Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand East Timor (Timor-Leste) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Asia (orthographic projection).svg [hide] v t e Countries bordering the Baltic Sea Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden [hide] v t e Black Sea Countries bordering the Black Sea Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine Cities Batumi Burgas Constanța Giresun Hopa Istanbul Kerch Mangalia Năvodari Novorossiysk Odessa Ordu Poti Rize Samsun Sevastopol Sochi Sukhumi1 Trabzon Varna Yalta Zonguldak 1 Disputed statehood — partial international recognition, but considered by most countries to be Georgian territory. [hide] International organizations [hide] v t e Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Nations Australia Brunei Canada Chile China Hong Kong¹ Indonesia Japan South Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Chinese Taipei² Thailand United States Vietnam Summits 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Other APEC Business Travel Card APEC blue APEC Climate Center APEC Youth Science Festival 1. A special administrative region of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China"; 2. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Chinese Taipei" [hide] v t e BRICS Membership Brazil Brazil Russia Russia India India China China South Africa South Africa Summits Yekaterinburg 2009 Brasília 2010 Sanya 2011 New Delhi 2012 Durban 2013 Fortaleza 2014 Ufa 2015 Goa 2016 Xiamen 2017 Johannesburg 2018 Brazil 2019 Bilateral relations Brazil–China Brazil–India Brazil–Russia Brazil–South Africa China–India China–Russia China–South Africa India–Russia India–South Africa Russia–South Africa Leaders Temer Putin Modi Xi Ramaphosa Related New Development Bank BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement BRICS Leaders BRICS Cable BRICS Universities League BRICS U-17 Football Cup 2016 Goa [hide] v t e Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia Eurasian Economic Union Union State Membership Members Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Associate members Turkmenistan Ukraine Former members Georgia (1993–2009) History Russian Empire Soviet Union Dissolution of the Soviet Union Union of Sovereign States Belavezha Accords (Near abroad) Alma-Ata Protocol CIS flag Sports Unified Team at the Olympics Unified Team at the Paralympics CIS national bandy team CIS national football team CIS national ice hockey team CIS national rugby team CIS Cup (football) Military Collective Security Treaty Organization Collective Rapid Reaction Force Joint CIS Air Defense System Economics Economic Court CISFTA Eurasian Economic Community Eurasian Patent Convention Eurasian Patent Organization EU Technical Aid Organization Interstate Aviation Committee Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS Category Category [hide] v t e Council of Europe Institutions Secretary General Committee of Ministers Parliamentary Assembly Congress Court of Human Rights Commissioner for Human Rights Commission for the Efficiency of Justice Commission against Racism and Intolerance Gold: founding member. Blue: Later (current) full members. Members Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia1 Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Observers Canada Holy See Israel Japan Mexico United States Sovereign Military Order of Malta Former members Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) 1 Provisionally referred to by the Council of Europe as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see Macedonia naming dispute. [hide] v t e East Asia Summit (EAS) First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Australia Brunei Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Laos Malaysia Myanmar New Zealand Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Thailand United States Vietnam [hide] v t e Eurasian Economic Union Member states Armenia Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union Observer members Moldova Prospective members Mongolia Syria Tajikistan [hide] v t e Group of Eight (G8) and Group of Eight + Five (G8+5) G8 members Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Representative European Union G8+5 Brazil China India Mexico South Africa See also Group of Six Group of Seven G7+1 [hide] v t e G20 major economies Argentina Argentina Australia Australia Brazil Brazil Canada Canada China China European Union European Union France France Germany Germany India India Indonesia Indonesia Italy Italy Japan Japan Mexico Mexico Russia Russia 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Lanka Turkey Guests ASEAN CIS Turkmenistan See also Eurasian Land Bridge Three Evils Working languages Chinese Russian [hide] v t e Security Council of the United Nations Power Chapter V Chapter VII Veto Resolution Organization Military Observer Peacebuilding Commission Counter-Terrorism Committee Peacekeeping Missions United Nations Command Unified Task Force Members Permanent China France Russia United Kingdom United States 2016–2017 Egypt Japan Senegal Ukraine Uruguay 2017 Italy 2017–2018 Bolivia Ethiopia Kazakhstan Sweden Category Category [hide] v t e World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade-Related Aspects 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China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China". Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in short. he Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovétsky Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] (About this sound listen)), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] (About this sound listen)), abbreviated as the USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent and Novosibirsk. The Soviet Union was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possessed the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[7] It was a founding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a civil war, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenin's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union transitioned from a market economy into a centrally planned economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization. As industrial production skyrocketed, the Soviet Union achieved full employment, implemented a universal healthcare system, sharply reduced illiteracy, and provided guarantees of paid vacations, rest homes, and recreational clubs. This period of industrialization was a time of enormous improvements in the standard of living for millions of people in the country, starkly contrasting with the situations of other countries during the Great Depression, but was also a time characterized by major institutional shortcomings and failures. In the 1930s, with the rise of fascism in Europe, the Communist Party pursued aggressive campaigns to suppress potential counter-revolution, fermenting political paranoia which culminated in the Great Purge in which extrajudicial arrests and executions of suspected counter-revolutionaries led to an estimated 600,000 deaths. As a result of these mass arrests, penal labor through the Gulag system was used to construct infrastructure projects, though this consistently proved to be an inefficient system throughout its existence.[8] Increased demand for agricultural products to pay for industrialization combined with a relatively low harvest yield led to the famine of 1932–33 in which an estimated 2.4 to 4 million people died in the country's agricultural centers of Ukraine, southern Russia, and Kazakhstan.[9][10] After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist and communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West, led by the United States. The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the Eastern Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the Western Bloc, united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died and was quickly succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin and began the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the Khrushchev Thaw. The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race, with the first artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight. Khrushchev was removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was succeeded as head of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, but tensions resumed with the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and perestroika (openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the Communist Party in governing the state was removed from the constitution, causing a surge of severe political instability to set in. The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist governments. With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance. Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet (1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five-Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble (currency) Internet domain Transport Science Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Template Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Wikipedia book Book Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal WikiProject WikiProject [hide] Administrative division of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Principal Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia1 Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia1 Lithuania1 Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan State Emblem of the Soviet Union Short-lived Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936) Non-union republics SSR Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1925) Khorezm SSR (1920–1925) Nakhichevan ASSR (1920–1923) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991) South Ossetian SR (1990–1991) 1The annexation of the Baltic republics in 1940 was considered as an illegal occupation and was not recognized by the majority of the international community such as the United States, United Kingdom and the European Community. The Soviet Union officially recognized their independence on September 6, 1991, prior to its final dissolution three months later. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union Soviet Union By name Abkhaz Adjar Bashkir Buryat1 Chechen-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazak2 Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhchivan North Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuva Udmurt Volga German Yakut Coat of arms of the Soviet Union By year established 1918–1924 Turkestan 1918–1941 Volga German 1919–1990 Bashkir 1920–1925 Kirghiz2 1920–1990 Tatar 1921–1990 Adjar 1921–1945 Crimean 1921–1991 Dagestan 1921–1924 Mountain 1921–1990 Nakhchivan 1922–1991 Yakut 1923–1990 Buryat1 1923–1940 Karelian 1924–1940 Moldavian 1924–1929 Tajik 1925–1992 Chuvash 1925–1936 Kazak2 1926–1936 Kirghiz 1931–1991 Abkhaz 1932–1992 Karakalpak 1934–1990 Mordovian 1934–1990 Udmurt 1935–1943 Kalmyk 1936–1944 Chechen-Ingush 1936–1944 Kabardino-Balkar 1936–1990 Komi 1936–1990 Mari 1936–1990 North Ossetian 1944–1957 Kabardin 1956–1991 Karelian 1957–1990 Chechen-Ingush 1957–1991 Kabardino-Balkar 1958–1990 Kalmyk 1961–1992 Tuva 1990–1991 Gorno-Altai 1991–1992 Crimean 1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958. 2 Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union Soviet Union Adyghe Chechen–Ingush Chechen Ingush Chuvash Gorno-Altai Gorno-Badakhshan Jewish Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Kara-Kirghiz Karachay-Cherkess Cherkess Karachay Kara-Kalpak Komi-Zyryan Khakas Mari Moldavian Nagorno-Karabakh North Ossetian South Ossetian Tuvan Udmurt Coat of arms of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Socialism by country By country American Left Australia British Left Canada Estonia France Hong Kong India Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan History Brazil United Kingdom United States Regional variants African Arab British Burmese Chinese Israeli Melanesian Nicaraguan Tanzanian Venezuelan Vietnamese Communist states Africa Angola Benin Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Madagascar Mozambique Somalia Americas Cuba Grenada Asia Afghanistan Cambodia (1976–1979) Cambodia (1979–1993) China North Korea Laos Mongolia Tuva Vietnam North Vietnam South Yemen Short-lived Gilan Iranian Azerbaijan Kurdish Republic of Mahabad South Vietnam Soviet China Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary (1949–1989) Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Short-lived Alsace-Lorraine Bavaria Bremen Finland Hungary (1919) Galicia Ireland Slovakia (1919) History of socialism [hide] v t e Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation Secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary Romania Yalta Conference Annexed as, or into, SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states Hungarian People's Republic Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People's Republic of Albania (to 1961) People's Republic of Bulgaria Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948) Annexing SSRs Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) Revolts and opposition Welles Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991) Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956 Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January Cold War events Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions Emigration and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping Decline Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia Post-Cold War topics Baltic Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group [hide] v t e Disinformation Types Alternative facts Big lie Bullshit Cherry picking Circular reporting Deception Doublespeak Echo chamber Euphemistic misspeaking Euromyth Factoid Fake news by country online Fallacy False accusation False flag Filter bubble Gaslighting Half-truth Hoax 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Vintage stamps and rare coins sale online! Продажа старинных марок и редких монет онлайн - stamplake.com STAMPLAKE.COM PROFESSIONAL SELLER Type of capital investments, as investments in antiques is growing in popularity more and more each day. It's quite a profitable and safe investment, as prices for antiques are steadily growing (on average 20% per year), which often exceeds the growth of stocks in the stock market. In addition, investment in antiques enriches not only materially bringing income but also spiritually, bringing esthetic pleasure. However, investing money in antiques is a complex activity. In order to make substantial amount of money, You need to acquire special knowledge and build relationships in the appropriate community. It is necessary to understand what things really have the potential to increase in value and which, on the contrary, are hopeless. The word "antique" has Latin roots and means "old". The core value of antiques is in the fact that they are old. Age objects which are considered as antique, can start from 10-15 years, depending on the historical, physical and chemical characteristics of the object. Often, investment in antiques and collecting go hand in hand. That's why making money on old things is going better at those who are careful to things and who are orientating in the history very well. Fortunately for new investors, in the environment of antiques consultants are available whose main task is to help the investor to separate the "wheat from the chaff" and to make competent investment. It should be noted that to start investing in antiques it's not necessary to have a large amount of money. A lot of people begin with inexpensive paintings of young artists and a variety of interesting subjects. As a rule, in the beginning investor collects works of art in the style that appeales to him, purely for pleasure, and much later investor begins to think about making money. You can buy antiques literally everywhere, even at the grandmother, neighbor. However, if you are not familiar with antiques, it is wiser to trust the various antique shops, exhibition and museum authority. Such authority have expertise in selling things and do not allow to enter counterfeits into the market. If you want to do engage in such a profitable and exciting business, as investing in antiques, we will be happy to offer You assistance which will be provided by our experienced consultants who can help You see all the "pitfalls", to make the right choices and get real pleasure from the trip to the mysterious and magical world of collection. Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in. Features and further details Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in. Our company StampLake.com is made by collectors for collectors. We are selling various items which are related to the collection (postage stamps, coins, banknotes, faleras, antiques, various accessories, specialized literature and much else). Definitely here you will find a lot of necessary and useful items which you are interested in. We are always glad to meet you personally and definitely you will find the item you are interested in with our auctions started from $0.01 for 1 LOT. Contact us We can be contacted at any time through eBay messages if you have any questions, comments or product requests. We will respond to you within 24-48 hours and do our best to help you out! We encourage our customers to contact us with any questions or concerns! We'd like to be sure you are completely satisfied with your purchase. Payment PAYPAL , VISA , MASTERCARD , MASESTRO , AMERICAN EXPRESS Shipping WITH TRACKING NUMBER IN 1-2 WORKING DAYS AFTER PAYMENT Disclaimer If the description of the lot differs from its image, the image will have priority Best regards from STAMPLAKE.COM

Price: 6.44 USD

Location: Bergen

End Time: 2024-12-10T10:35:13.000Z

Shipping Cost: 3.79 USD